Jurnal Katalisator (ISSN Online : 2502-0943) is a journal containing scientific articles through a review by peer reviewers in chemistry. Jurnal Katalisator publishes original manuscripts, short review reviews on the branches of chemistry including: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and applied chemistry. The Catalyst Journal is published 2 (two) times a year, April and October Continuing the previous publication at http://ejournal.lldikti10.id/index.php/katalisator, Katalisator now comes with a new look using the OJS 3 platform. without losing the old journal repository. and article submissions will only be processed if you submit the article at http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/katalisator
EFFECT OF WEST SUMATRAN DADIAH ON BODY WEIGHT AND GLYCEMIA IN HYPERGLYCEMIC RATS
This study was a laboratory-based experimental study using a post-test control group design to evaluate the effect of curd administration on body weight and blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rat model. Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 8–10 weeks with body weights of 250–300g were used and randomly divided into four groups: a negative control group without diabetes induction or treatment, a positive control group with diabetes induction without therapy, and two treatment groups receiving curd at different doses, P1 (1.8750 g/250 g body weight) and P2 (3.750 g/250 g body weight). The mean body weight was 277.67 g in the negative control group and 227.50 g in the positive control group. Treatment groups showed increased body weights of 246.83 g in P1 and 262.50 g in P2. Blood glucose levels were 125.56 mg/dL in the negative control group and increased to 487.00 mg/dL in the positive control group, while curd administration reduced levels to 122.17 mg/dL in P1 and 101.83 mg/dL in P2. These results indicate that curd improves body weight and lowers blood glucose in hyperglycemic rats, with greater effects at higher doses, suggesting its potential as a functional food for metabolic and glycemic control.
dadiah, hyperglycemia, body weight, blood glucose levels, diabetes mellitus
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EFFECTS OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL SUPPLEMENTATION ON BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN OBESE ADOLESCENTS
Obesity in adolescents is a health problem whose prevalence is closely related to increased oxidative stress. Obesity conditions lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can trigger lipid peroxidation, cell damage, and various metabolic disorders. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), can be used to assess oxidative stress levels in obese individuals. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a functional food that contains medium-chain fatty acids (medium-chain triglycerides; MCTs) and phenolic compounds that are thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The study aimed to analyze the effect of Virgin Coconut Oil supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress in obese adolescents. This study uses a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. A total of 40 obese adolescents aged 15–18 years were divided into two groups, namely the treatment group that received VCO supplementation of 15 mL per day for 8 weeks and the control group that received only balanced nutrition education. The results indicate that VCO supplementation has the potential to increase the body's antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress in obese adolescents. Although the decrease in BMI and waist circumference did not show a statistically significant difference, there was a tendency to improve the anthropometric profile in the group receiving VCO
Evaluation of Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization Using CaO and Alum
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major environmental issue associated with coal mining activities, characterized by low pH and elevated concentrations of dissolved metals that can degrade water quality and harm aquatic ecosystems. Active treatment using alkaline materials such as quicklime (CaO) combined with coagulants like alum is widely applied to neutralize acidity and reduce metal content. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CaO and alum in improving the pH of acid mine drainage. The research was conducted through a combination of field testing and laboratory analysis. The treatment process involved dosing quicklime and alum into acid mine drainage, followed by periodic pH measurements at inlet and outlet points over a one-month observation period. Data were analyzed using linear regression to determine the relationship between CaO dosage and pH changes. The results showed that the initial pH of acid mine drainage remained acidic, with an average value of 4.43, and increased slightly within the range of 4.43 to 4.76 after treatment. Regression analysis indicated a strong correlation (R² = 0.9537) between CaO dosage and pH increase, suggesting that higher dosages contribute to improved neutralization performance. However, the achieved pH values have not yet met the environmental quality standard (pH ≥ 6), indicating that further optimization of treatment dosage and process conditions is required. These findings highlight that while the combination of CaO and alum has potential in neutralizing acid mine drainage, its current application is not yet sufficient to achieve regulatory compliance and improvements in treatment design are necessary.
acid mine drainage; CaO; Alum; pH; Active Treatment; Neutralization
POTENTIAL OF MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT GEL (Moringa oleifera Lam.) AS AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus CAUSES OF ACNE
Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) can be utilized by the community to heal wounds, beriberi, and fever; have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties; and treat skin disorders caused by bacteria. One of the skin diseases is acne, which is caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of a gel made from moringa leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and to identify the secondary metabolite compounds of the extract through phytochemical screening. This research is a laboratory experiment that involves creating moringa leaf extract gel at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial testing was conducted using the well diffusion and disc diffusion methods and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Based on the results of the phytochemical screening, the extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and terpenoid compounds. The results of the study showed that the antibacterial activity of the gel with the well method at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% obtained an average inhibition zone of 7.68 mm; 8.8 mm; 9.18 mm; 9.55 mm. While with the well method, the average inhibition zone at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% was 8.55 mm; 9.03 mm; 9.17 mm; 9.88 mm. The ANOVA test analysis obtained a result of p = 0.000 smaller than α = 0.05 which means there is a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone between the treatment groups.
gel, moringa leaf extract, Staphylococcus aureus, skin infections.
DISSOLUTION TEST OF SESEWANUWA LEAF FRACTION TABLETS WITH VARIOUS BINDERS USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
The sesewanua plant has potent anti-inflammatory activity, particularly in the n-Hexane: Ethyl Acetate fraction, which contains alkaloid compounds. However, consuming the fraction can cause discomfort, making it important to develop it into a tablet for more practical use. Binders are used in tablet formulations because they bind the tablet components and affect tablet quality. This study aimed to determine the effect of the type of binder (PVP, starch, and Na-CMC) on the dissolution test results of N-Hexane: Ethyl Acetate Fraction tablets using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The dissolution test was conducted to evaluate how quickly the active ingredient dissolves from the tablet. Four formulas were tested: F0 (without binder), F1 (5% PVP), F2 (5% starch), and F3 (5% Na-CMC). The formula with the best results was F2, containing 5% starch as the binder, with a dissolution percentage of 80.91%. This is because starch is the best binding agent because it can increase the percentage of active ingredient dissolution in tablets. Therefore, it can be said that the addition of starch provides the best results with a dissolution percentage that meets the requirements.
Sesewanuwa Plant; Tablet; Binder; Dissolution
PREPARASI DAN STANDARISASI EKSTRAK HASIL FERMENTASI KULIT BUAH DELIMA (Punica granatum L)
ABSTRAK Kulit buah delima kaya akan tanin yang dapat terhidrolisis terutama punicalagin yang merupakan prekursor senyawa aktif asam elagat yang banyak digunakan sebagai senyawa aktif untuk perawatan kulit. Proses fermentasi merupakan metode yang dapat meningkatkan kandungan asam elagat yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melakukan standarisasi ekstrak hasil fermentasi kulit buah delima (Punica granatum L) yang dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku pada sediaan kosmetik dengan menentukan parameter spesifik dan nonspesifik. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan pada penentuan parameter spesifik yang diuji meliputi identitas ekstrak, uji organoleptik, skrining fitokimia ekstrak positif terdapat senyawa alkaloid, antraquinon, glikosida, flavonoid, terpenoid, tanin, dan saponin. Pengujian parameter nonspesifik yang telah dilakukan antara lain nilai kadar air 0,19%, kadar abu total sebanyak 1,4%, kadar abu larut asam sebanyak 0,0034%, cemaran bakteri mikroba ALT dan AKK diperoleh 0 cfu/ml. Hasil penelitian memenuhi standarisasi mutu ekstrak. Data yang diperoleh diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi tambahan mengenai ekstrak hasil fermentasi kulit buah delima yang memenuhi standar mutu dalam pengembangan sebagai bahan baku sediaan kosmetika. Kata kunci : Kulit buah delima, standarisasi ekstrak, parameter spesifik ekstrak, parameter nonspesifik ekstrak ABSTRACT Pomegranate peel is rich punicalagin compounds a group of hydrolyzable tannins which is a precursor of the active compound ellagic acid, which is widely used as an active compound for skin care. The fermentation process is a method that can increase the content of ellagic acid that is environmentally friendly. This study was conducted to standardize the fermented extract of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L) used as a raw material in cosmetic preparations by determining specific and nonspecific parameters. The specific parameter tests conducted were extract identity, organoleptic test, and phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening showed that the extract contained positive alkaloids, anthraquinones, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Non-specific parameter tests conducted included water content of 0.19%, total ash content of 1.4%, acid-soluble ash content of 0.0034%, microbial contamination of ALT and AKK obtained 0 cfu/ml. The results of the study met the extract quality standards. The data obtained are expected to be additional information regarding the fermented extract of pomegranate peel that meets quality standards in development as a raw material for cosmetic preparations. Keywords: Pomegranate peel, specific parametric extract, nonspessific parametric extract
Kulit buah delima standarisasi ekstrak parameter spesifik ekstrak parameter nonspesifik ekstrak
ADSORPTION STUDY OF LEAD (Pb²⁺) IONS USING CASSAVA PEEL BIOCHAR: EFFECT OF pH AND CONTACT TIME
This study evaluates the adsorption performance of NaOH-activated cassava peel biochar (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for the removal of Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions, with particular focus on the effects of solution pH and contact time. Cassava peel biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 180–350 °C and chemically activated using 0.1 M NaOH. Surface functional groups and morphology were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted by varying solution pH (3–8) and contact time (30–120 min), while Pb²⁺ concentrations before and after adsorption were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that solution pH significantly affected Pb²⁺ adsorption, with the highest adsorption capacity of 9.94 mg/g achieved at pH 5. Contact time also influenced adsorption performance, and the optimum condition was obtained at 90 min, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.94 mg/g. These findings indicate that NaOH-activated cassava peel biochar exhibits stable and effective Pb²⁺ adsorption under slightly acidic conditions and moderate contact time, highlighting its potential as a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from contaminated wastewater.
cassava peel biochar Pb²⁺ adsorption solution pH contact time NaOH activation
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ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS AT AWALBROS BATAM HOSPITAL
Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) is a liver infection characterized by persistent replication of Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Viral load is a parameter often used to evaluate viral replication activity, while Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) often used as biomarkers to assess liver damage. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the correlation of HBV viral load to ALT and AST in patients with chronic hepatitis B at Awalbros Batam Hospital. Methods: This research used descriptive study by data collected from patients with chronic hepatitis B who had undergone testing assessments of HBV viral load, ALT and AST. Results: The results of this study is indicate a significant correlation of HBV viral load to ALT levels. Approximately 40% of patients showed elevated ALT levels in line with increasing HBV load, while AST increase was observed in only about 5% of patients. The stronger correlation was noted in ALT, likely due to its higher specificity to liver tissue compared to AST. Conclusion: Quantitative HBV load significantly influences ALT levels but has a less notable effect on AST levels. These findings support the role of ALT as a more reliable indicator of chronic HBV infection. The study also simplifies the clinical phases of infection into two main categories: active and inactive, based on presumed similarities in clinical patterns.
Chronic Hepatitis B HBV Viral Load Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Liver Damage
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA L.) LEAF JELLY CONFECTIONS FORMULATED WITH MULTIPLE GEL MATRICES
Jelly confections represent promising nutraceutical products by incorporating bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are recognized as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents, yet their application in functional foods remains limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of soursop leaf jelly confections prepared with different gel matrix combinations. Formulation optimization was carried out using three gel matrices, namely carrageenan: agar (9:6), carrageenan: konjac (5:1), and konjac: agar (7:3). Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay using a microplate reader spectrophotometer. The results demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 28.95 µg/mL for carrageenan: agar, 8.82 µg/mL for carrageenan: konjac, and 30.33 µg/mL for konjac: agar formulations. Among these, the carrageenan: konjac (5:1) formulation exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity, indicating its potential for developing functional jelly-based nutraceuticals.
Jelly candy Annona muricata Linn Antioxidant activity DPPH
Α-GLUCOSIDASE ENZYME INHIBITOR ACTIVITY OF ETLINGERA ELATIOR LEAF EXTRACT WITH SOLVENT VARIATION
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin production or utilization. The increasing prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2, is a global concern due to the risk of complications it poses. One approach in treating type 2 diabetes is to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme to slow down glucose absorption. This research aims to identify the potential of patikala leaf extract as an α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor. Using an experimental method with patikala leaf samples collected from Mariri Hamlet, Banyuurip Village, Bone-bone District, North Luwu Regency. Extraction was performed using the maceration method with variations in solvents: 70% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity was measured using a microplate reader and analyzed to determine the IC50 value. From the percentage inhibition data, the IC50 values obtained for 30% ethanol extract of patikala leaves were 351.95 µg/mL, for 70% ethanol extract of patikala leaves were 444.83 µg/mL, for 96% ethanol extract of patikala leaves were 362.27 µg/mL, for ethyl acetate extract of patikala leaves were 163.59 µg/mL, and for n-hexane extract of patikala leaves were 294.90 µg/mL, indicating that patikala leaf extracts with variations in solvent or extraction method exhibited very weak α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity. In conclusion, based on the research results obtained, the extract with variations in the solvent or extractant. Patikala leaf extract has an inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme, which is categorized as very weak because it has an IC50 value > 100 µg/mL. In comparison, the control (acarbose) is in the weak category with an IC50 value of 50-100 µg/mL.
Enzyme inhibition, diabetes mellitus, patikala leaf, α-glucosidase
ISOLATION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM KEBIUL (CAESALPINIA BONDUC L) SEED SHELLS
Caesalpinia bonduc L. is a medicinal plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and has long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Its seeds are recognized as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and diterpenes, which have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. However, studies focusing on the isolation, purification, and characterization of individual bioactive compounds from C. bonduc seeds remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, purify, identify, and evaluate the antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds obtained from C. bonduc L. seeds. Bioactive compounds were isolated from the seed extract through successive extraction, chromatographic separation, and purification procedures. The purified compound was subsequently characterized by phytochemical identification and evaluated for its free radical scavenging activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The isolated compound was identified as a flavonoid based on its chemical characteristics. Antioxidant evaluation demonstrated that the isolated flavonoid exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 3.31 ± 0.12 µg/mL, indicating a very strong antioxidant capacity. The findings demonstrate that C. bonduc seeds constitute a valuable source of naturally occurring antioxidant compounds and support their traditional medicinal use.
Antioxidant, Caesalpinia Bonduc L, Flavonoid
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF EXTRACT OF BLACK RICE, BAJAKAH WOOD ROOT AND KEBIUL SEED
Exposure to free radicals and oxidative stress are major factors in various degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidant sources is important to reduce the negative effects of free radicals. This study compares the natural antioxidant potential of black rice, bajakah root, and kebiul seeds, whereas previous studies have only identified the antioxidant potential of a single natural ingredient. This study aims to measure the antioxidant potential, such as total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, of these three natural materials using distilled water, 70% ethanol, and 96% ethanol as solvents. The experimental research method involved testing antioxidant activity and measuring total phenolics and flavonoids. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of black rice had the highest total polyphenol content at 6.83±0.28 mgGAE/g (0.007±0.00%), the 70% ethanol extract of bajakah wood root had the highest flavonoid content at 8.77±0.02 mgQE/g (0.009±0.00%), and the distilled water extract of kebiul seeds showed the strongest antioxidant activity based on an IC50 value of 5.96 ± 0.01 ppm. This study concluded that black rice has potential as a primary source of phenolics and anthocyanins, while bajakah wood root and kebiul seeds are sources of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity.
Antioxidants Polyphenols Flavonoids Black Rice Bajakah Wood Root Kebiul Seeds
HPLC-DAD PROFILING OF SIDR LEAVES AND ROASTED CANDLENUT FOR ALOPECIA THERAPY
Alopecia is a dermatological disorder characterised by progressive hair loss, often impairing patients’ quality of life. Conventional therapies, such as minoxidil and finasteride, have demonstrated efficacy; however, their adverse effects have prompted the search for natural-based alternatives. Sidr leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) and roasted candlenut seeds (Aleurites moluccanus L.) have been traditionally employed in ethnopharmacology for hair treatment, yet scientific data on their phytochemical composition remain limited. This study aimed to identify and quantify the major bioactive constituents in purified aqueous extracts of sidr leaves and roasted candlenut seeds using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD), and to assess their potential implications in alopecia therapy. Powdered sidr leaves and roasted candlenut seeds were extracted, fractionated, and analysed on a C18 column using a gradient acetonitrile–water mobile phase. The results revealed that sidr leaves are rich in rutin hydrate (245.64 ± 0.73 mg/L), accompanied by gallic acid (47.63 ± 0.43 mg/L) and quercetin (6.85 mg/L), whereas roasted candlenut seeds predominantly contain quercetin (27.00 mg/L). Rutin functions as an antioxidant and angiogenesis stimulator, gallic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, and quercetin acts as a 5α-reductase inhibitor relevant to androgenetic alopecia. In conclusion, the phytochemical profiles of sidr leaves and roasted candlenut seeds support their potential use as phytotherapeutic candidates for alopecia management.
EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE FOR DIARRHEA THERAPY IN TODDLERS AT PUSKESMAS BEJI DEPOK CITY
Acute diarrhea is diarrhea more than fourteen days and is generally caused by microbial infection. The principles management of acute diarrhea are rehydration, symptomatic therapy, and selective and rational antibiotic therapy. Previous study shown antibiotic prescriptions for diarrhea therapy are still quite high, a study at the Bangsal Puskesmas in Mojokerto Regency showed that 27% was inappropriate for the indication. The aim this study was to evaluate the rationality of using antibiotics for diarrhea in toddlers. This study is a descriptive study with retrospective data collection from the medical records of toddler diarrhea patients at the Puskesmas Beji in Depok City in 2021 who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed the use of antibiotics such as metronidazole, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole was the right choice because it was in accordance with the choice of antibiotic therapy for acute diarrhea with specific indications, however the results of the evaluation of antibiotic prescriptions were not appropriate indications there was still a high number 62,5% of antibiotic prescriptions for patients with non-specific acute diarrhea. Antibiotic prescriptions must be based on the bacteria causing the infection so it is very necessary to be supported by data from laboratory tests.
THE REMAINING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF THE BODY'S METABOLISM ARE REDUCED THROUGH THE HEMODIALYSIS METHOD
The accumulation of metabolic residual chemical compounds, such as urea, and creatinine, is a major consequence of decreased glomerular filtration function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Increased concentrations of these compounds trigger internal homeostasis disorders and accelerate the progression of metabolic complications. Hemodialysis is a kidney replacement therapy that aims to eliminate toxic compounds and maintain the body's biochemical balance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of hemodialysis in reducing urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels in CKD patients. The pre-post test research involved 30 stage V CKD patients who underwent routine hemodialysis at the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) Padang Panjang, West Sumatra. Venous blood samples were taken 15 minutes before and after a single hemodialysis session. Urea levels were analyzed using the urease-GLDH method, creatinine using the kinetic Jaffé method, and uric acid using the uricase-POD method. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test with a significance level of p<0.05.The results were obtained The average urea level decreased from 182.6 ± 28.7 mg/dL it was concluded that Hemodialysis significantly reduced the level of chemical compounds left over from the body's metabolism in patients to 76.3 ± 16.9 mg/dL (p<0.001), creatinine from 11.8 ± 2.9 mg/dL to 4.9 ± 1.3 mg/dL (p<0.001), and uric acid from 8.5 ± 1.8 mg/dL to 5.2 ± 1.1 mg/dL (p<0.001). It can be concluded that hemodialysis significantly reduces the level of chemical compounds left over from the body's metabolism in advanced CKD patients. Hemodialysis maintains biochemical homeostasis and reduces the risk of systemic complications.
biochemistry hemodialysis creatinine metabolism urea
ANTI-AGING ACTIVITY WITH TYROSINASE INHIBITORS AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM BADUY OUTER TRIBE PLANTS AS COSMETICS: REVIEW
Aging is an unavoidable physiological process. The process of premature aging is prevented using natural anti-aging cosmetics derived from plants. Cosmetics can be used as anti-aging products. Therefore, plants can be used as substitutes for anti-aging chemicals with fewer side effects. There are many herbal plants that are empirically used by the Baduy community and have potential as anti-aging agents with tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Evidence of anti-aging activity can be obtained by testing the effects of each herbal plant, which has been conducted by several researchers previously. The purpose of this article is to provide information on which plants have the potential as anti-aging agents for cosmetic raw materials thru a literature review of journals in electronic databases. The results obtained from several plants such as Carica papaya L., Kaempferia galanga, Psidium guajava, Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum, Piper bettle, Caesalpinia sappan L, and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm have tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Orthosiphon stamineus B., Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth, and Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv., the cogongrass plant, use an antioxidant approach as anti-aging. In conclusion, all herbal plants from the Baduy tribe have the potential as raw materials for anti-aging cosmetics
Antiaging tyrosinase inhibitor antioxidant cosmetics Baduy
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIPSYCHOTIC THERAPY WITH CREATININE LEVELS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS
Schizophrenia is a condition of severe mental disorder, characterized by many disturbances in thinking, language, perception and sense of awareness. The use of antipsychotic therapy in the long term can cause damage to kidney function and aggravate the work of the kidneys marked by increased creatinine levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between duration of antipsychotic therapy and creatinine levels in schizophrenic patients at the Mendawai Health Center. The type of research used is analytic research with a cross sectional approach. In this study the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This study used the T-Independent Sample T Test. The results showed that there was a relationship between duration of antipsychotic therapy and creatinine levels in schizophrenic patients. It can be seen that the average value of respondents in the category of long antipsychotic therapy is 1.06 and short antipsychotic therapy is 0.71 and the value of equal variance assumed has a sig (2 Talled) p-value of 0.005 (<0.05), so Ha is accepted. So in conclusion there is a significant relationship between the duration of antipsychotic therapy and creatinine levels in schizophrenic patients at the Mendawai Health Center. It is recommended to pay more attention to the side effects of the treatment carried out for further therapy.
Length of Antipsychotic Therapy, Creatinine, Schizophrenia
QUERCETIN AND PIPERINE CONTENT OF FRACTION N-HEXANE : ETHYL ACETATE SESEWANUA LEAF (CLERODENDRUM FRAGRANS WILD.)
Sesewanua (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild.) is used as an anti-inflammatory (anti-rheumatoid arthritis) topically and orally and as an antioxidant with very strong potential. The n-hexane fraction: ethyl acetate of sesewanua leaves contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids and alkaloids. This study aimed to measure the levels of the flavonoid quercetin and the levels of the alkaloid piperine in the n-hexane: ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of sesewanua leaves. This research method: The n-hexane:ethyl acetate fraction was determined for its flavonoid content at a wavelength of 256 nm and piperine alkaloids at a wavelength of 342.5 nm using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results obtained from the n -hexane:ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of sesewanua leaves contained the flavonoid compound quercetin as much as 6.385 PPM and the alkaloid compound piperine as much as 5.854 PPM. Conclusion: The statistical results of the Independent T. Test show that there are significant levels of the flavonoid quercetin and alkaloid piperine, which means that the levels of the flavonoid quercetin in the n-hexane: ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of sesewanua leaves are higher than the alkaloid piperine compound.
ARTICLE REVIEW: ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HERBAL or PLANTS OF OUTER BADUY COMMUNITY IN BANTEN AS COSMETIC RAW MATERIALS
Antioxidants can bind free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress, stimulate oxygen and tighten the skin so as to prevent premature aging. An increase in the number of free radicals, an increase in age, and excessive exposure to ultraviolet light can accelerate the aging process or cause premature aging. Premature aging can be prevented by using cosmetics that contain natural antioxidants derived from plants. There are many herbal plants that are empirically used by the Baduy community as potential antioxidants. Proof of antioxidant activity can be done by testing the effects on each herbal plant conducted by several previous researchers. The purpose of this article is to provide information about which plants have the potential as antioxidants as cosmetic raw materials through journal literature searches in electronic databases. Some herbal plants in Baduy outside are papaya, cat whiskers, miana, weeds, kencur, guava, red ginger, betel nut, secang and kecombrang. Secondary metabolites in plants that are most influential as cosmetics include flavonoids and phenolics.
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ISOLATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC MOLD FROM DAHLIA TUBER PLANTS (Dahlia variabilis) AGAINST Stapylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia strainW1-2
Antibiotic resistance to pathogenic bacteria has developed in a short period of time and is faster than has been thought. Therefore, it is necessary to find new antibiotic alternatives that are sourced from natural materials such as endophytic molds of dahlia tubers. This study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of endophytic molds isolated from dahlia bulbs against Staphylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia strain W1-2. The results of the selection of antimicrobial activity of endophytic mold isolated from the dahlia tuber were fermented using the shaking method on Potato Dextrose Broth medium. The results of fermentation are tested for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. Of the 10 isolated endophytic molds, two isolates with antibacterial activity were obtained, namely A-1 and A-7 isolates. The results of the antibacterial activity test of A-1 isolate against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria had the highest inhibition zone of 32.75 mm and Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia strain W1-2 had the highest inhibition zone of 19.25 mm. In A-7 isolate against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria had the highest inhibition zone of 29.5 mm and against Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia strain W1-2 had the highest inhibition zone of 15.25 mm. Based on the results of the antibacterial activity test carried out by the isolate, the isolate mold isolates with codes A-1 and A-7 have the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and have a strong inhibitory power against Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia strain W1-2. The results showed that molds A-1 and A-7 had the potential to be antibacterial agents and GC-MS analysis of antibiotic compounds detected by hexanorlabdane. Molecular identification using the ITS gene observed that the A-1 mold isolate was 100% similar to the genomic2011f6MT558940.1 strain of Aspergillus Fumigatus
CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE HUSKS AND SILICA CONTENT FROM SEVERAL SUPERIOR VARIETIES IN WEST SUMATRA
The processing of rice husk to obtain silica ash has been carried out and then from the results of the silica preparation, the actual silica content was determined. The purpose of this study is to determine the varieties that contain the highest silica from the existing superior varieties. The research method carried out is the experimental method. Sampling of rice husks from six superior rice varieties in West Sumatra was taken from several areas in Regency / City West Sumatra which has superior rice varieties. There are three stages carried out in this study. The first stage was the preparation of the husk for analysis by giving preliminary treatment, the second stage was processing the husk into silica ash and the third stage was determining the silica content of silica ash. The results showed that the superior rice variety with the highest silica content was the IR-42 variety at 95.759%, and the lowest silica content was the Junjuang variety at 93.27%. Meanwhile, based on the silica ash yield obtained, the superior rice variety that has the highest silica ash yield is the Bujang marantau variety which is 8.3%, while the lowest yield is found in the anak daro variety which is 5.5%. Then the variety that has the lowest specific surface area of silica ash is the junjuang variety and the highest is the Kuriak Kusuik variety which is 258.499 m2 /g. Keywords: Rice husk; silica; West Sumatra; high yielding varieties.
ANTI-ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY LEAVES ANANASA COMOSUS IS MEDIUM USING THE DPPH METHOD
One of Indonesia's best fruit plants, the pineapple (Ananas comosus), has a high antioxidant content. Ananas comosus, or pineapple leaves, are a component of the pineapple plant. They have slightly thick leaf sheaths with tiny brown thorns pointing upward at their margins. (Ananasa comosus). The purpose of this study is to investigate the pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf's potential as a natural antioxidant source. The DPPH technique is being utilized in a descriptive quantitative research study to investigate the antioxidant capacity of pineapple leaves. Ananas comosus, or dried and crushed pineapple leaves, were macerated in methanol solvent until the sample was completely submerged. The IC50 value ascertained by the linear regression equation is the parameter employed in this technique. After the extract has evaporated from the solvent, its absorbance is measured at 520 nm using a microplate reader and the DPPH technique. Pineapple leaves show moderate antioxidant activity against DPPH with an IC50 value of 113.069 ppm, according to data from calculations and study. According to this study, the antioxidant capacity of pineapple leaves (Ananas comosus) is moderate.
ANTIBACTERIA ACTIVITY ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ACHRAS ZAPOTA L. FRUIT AND LAGENARIA SICERARIA (MOLINA) STANDL. AGAINST SALMONELLA TYPHI
The Synergistic of antibacterial is an interaction of two antibacterial agents that produces a greater inhibitory effect on bacteria, compared to the individual antibacterial effects of the two agents. The purpose of this study was to determine the synergistic effect of anti-bacterial extract of sapodilla fruit (Achras zapota L.) and water gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) extract against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Extraction of sapodilla fruit and water gourd fruit was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol (1:10). Determination of the value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-bacterial sapodilla manila fruit and water gourd fruit was carried out by the checkerboard assay method using a 96 wells microplate by calculating the Fractional Inhibition Concentration Index (FICI) value. The results showed that the single MIC value of sapodilla manila fruit and water gourd fruit respectively are 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL. The interaction between the two is expressed as a Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) with a value of 1.5. The FICI values ​​indicate different antibacterial effects of the combination of sapodilla fruit and water gourd fruit against Salmonella typhi. Keywords: Synergistic, Salmonella typhi, Achras zapota L., Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., FICI
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM BREAST MILK
Breast milk (breast milk) is one of the sources of Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL), which functions to maintain the balance of the baby's digestive microflora. BAL derived from breast milk has high viability in the digestive tract and is more adaptive if it comes from the human body. Some BALs are also called probiotics. If Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolate is obtained from breast milk, it can be used as a probiotic candidate in the prevention of stunting and infectious diseases in children. This research applies new biotechnology to produce a food product that is healthy, contains probiotics, and is preferred by the community. The purpose of the study is to isolate and test the probiotic potential of BAL strains isolated from breast milk so that it can have the potential to be applied in the food industry. This research method is an exploratory study to obtain Lactic Acid Bacteria isolate from Breast Milk. The results of the study showed that 14 Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolate was obtained which was shown by the formation of a clear zone area around the colony. Based on the results of biochemical identification, of the 14 BAL isolates that have been successfully identified biochemically, consisting of several genera of BAL, namely Lactobacillus dan Pediococcus.
TEST OF BURN HEALING ACTIVITY OF TIBARAU ROOT FRACTION (Saccaharum spontaneum L.) IN MALE WHITE MICE
Reed root (Saccharum spontaneum L.) is thought to have very strong antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activity that can help the wound healing process. Burns are injuries caused by exposure to heat. This study aimed to determine the burn healing activity of the extract and fraction of reed root. Extraction and fractionation methods. A total of 18 male white mice were burned and treated using extracts and fractions at a concentration of 15% in the form of ointment, each 3 mice in 6 groups, namely 15% ethanol extract, 15% n-hexane fraction, 15% ethyl acetate fraction, 15% n- butanol fraction, positive control, and experimental comparison. The test parameters were the percentage of wound healing, epithelialization time, and histopathology. Visually the 15% n-Butanol fraction has the best anti-burn activity with the average percentage of wound healing on the 7th; 14th; and 21st days, respectively 66.24%; 88.48%; 99 ,98%; epithelialization time 14,33. Histopathology on day 21 showed dense collagen fiber density, complete epithelialization cells and many fibroblast cells. Calculations using the One-Way ANOVA SPSS 16.0 statistical test followed by Duncan's test stated (P<0.05) the 15% n-Butanol fraction group was significantly different from the 15% ethyl acetate fraction group, comparison, 15% ethanol extract, n-Hexane fraction 15 % and positive control. From these results, it was concluded that the 15% n-Butanol fraction had the best burn healing activity.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT, TOXICITY, DRUG SCORING AND MOLECULAR DOCKING OF THE STRUCTURE OF CATECINS
Chronic disorders such as cancer can be caused by an imbalance in free radical production with antioxidant defenses in the body. This research aims to obtain the best compounds as future drug candidates. The potential of catechin compounds and their derivatives as cancer drug candidates has been studied through antioxidant properties, toxicity, drug scores and molecular docking. In this research, antioxidant activity was studied using the DFT (Density Functional Theory)/B3LYP/3-31G method in the gas phase. Toxicity and drug scores were analyzed using OSIRIS Property Explorer software. Analysis of the interaction of catechin and modified catechin compounds with 5KYK cell protein using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) software. The research results show that the antioxidant properties are well explained through the antioxidant reaction mechanism which occurs more easily in the Single Electron Transfer – Proton Transfer (SET – PT) mechanism. The total energy produced by IP (Ionization Potential) + PDE (Proton Dissociation Enthalphy) is smaller. Catechin compounds and their derivatives are not toxic (no risk) for gene mutations, tumors, irritation and reproduction. Catechin compounds and modified catechins (1-5) have a drug score value of (0.453-0.871). It is estimated that catechin compounds and their derivatives can be used as potential antioxidants without side effects on biological systems. From the pharmacophore study, it was found that the compound that had the best interaction with the 5KYK receptor was compound 1.
FORMULATION ANTIAGING CREAM MELASTOMA MALABATCHRICUM EXTRACT WITH POLYOXYETHYLENE MONOSTEARATE AND STEARIC ACID
Karamunting fruit (Melastoma malabathricum L.) contains flavonoids, triterpenoids and tannins. The purpose of this study was to make anti-aging cream preparations using caramunting fruit extract with a combination of PEG 40 stearic acid and stearic acid to obtain optimum physical quality. Extract with 96% ethanol filter in the form of extracts used for cream preparations using a base of PEG 40 stearic and stearic acid, so that 8 formulas were obtained, then optimized based on the physical quality parameters of viscosity, spreadability, adhesion and pH, then optimization of the formula to determine the formula optimum using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The conclusion obtained based on this research is the optimum combination of PEG 40 stearic and stearic acid in the cream of caramunting fruit extract using the Simplex Lattice Design method, namely PEG 40 Stearate 4.76% and stearic acid 15.74%. The physical quality stability did not change during one month of storage and the cream did not cause irritation. Formula I had a better and almost equal effect on the collagen test while formula V had a better effect on the elasticity test and the moisture test.
THE POTENTIAL OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) CAN INHIBIT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIA
Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) contains biochemical components, namely peptides called bacteriocins and can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has been widely studied that the potential of VCO to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as inhibiting the growth of bacteria that cause Otitis Media Suppurative Khronis, such as Staphilocoous aureus, Staphilococcus edpidermidis, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomanas aureginosa and others. But not many have studied the potential of Virgin Coconut oil to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is very dangerous, because it attacks the lungs and other parts of the body, and is the leading cause of death worldwide. If VCO has the potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause tuberculosis, then the risk of death can be reduced. The purpose of this study is to study the potential of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to inhibit the development of tuberculosis bacteria. This research was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Perintis University Indonesia. The sample was the sputum of 5 TB patients from Pariaman Hospital, to be isolated for pathogenic bacteria. VCO is made by fermentation without the addition of a stater. It turns out that the bacteria isolated from sputum are Mycobacterium tuberculosis. VCO has the ability to inhibit the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, according to its concentration, the largest is at a concentration of 100%. Its antioxidant ability is among the weak ones. In general, VCO can be concluded that VCO has the potential to reduce the consequences of death.
antimicrobial antioxidant isolation Tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) VCO
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY EXTRACT SEA GRAPE (Caulerpa racemosa) AGAINTS Micrococcus luteus AND Klebsiella pneumoniae
Research on the antibacterial activity of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus is crucial due to the significant potential hazards posed by these bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, can cause serious infections in the urinary and respiratory tracts, while Micrococcus luteus, a Gram-positive bacterium, often infects the skin of fish and humans. Sea Grapes, found in various Indonesian waters, contain secondary metabolites with potential as bioactive compounds in pharmaceuticals, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents. The high alkaloid content, especially Caulerpin, in C. racemosa demonstrates substantial potential for developing new antibacterial agents. Although previous research has shown moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and ineffectiveness against Escherichia coli, further exploration of other bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus could open new opportunities for discovering effective antibacterial compounds. The purpose of this research to know antibacterial activity fractions of sea grapes. The bacteria used were Micrococcus luteus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The method used is paper disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was tested using extract with concentration 25%, 75%, 100% and used a positive control Tetracycline 30 g/paper disk and a negative control using DMSO 10%. The results of the extract tested were the most active as an antibacterial extract with a concentration of 100% on Micrococcus luteus bacteria with an inhibitory power of 16.7 mm and on Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria which had an inhibitory power of 12.1% mm. The conclusion of this reseach the extract had antibacterial activity
Sea grape, antibacterial, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae
STUDYING α-TERPINENE, β-CARYOPHILLENE, α-ELEMENE AND α-HUMULENE COMPOUNDS AS CORROSION INHIBITORS USING THE DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY (DFT) METHOD
The compounds α-Terpinene, β-Caryophillene, α-Elemene and α-Humulene are the main components of Toona sinensis leaf essential oil and have the highest % area from the research results of Toona sinensis leaf essential oil components. This research uses the Gaussian 16W program package with the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation method and the B3LYP/6-31G database which produces the optimal structure of the inhibitor molecule, the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) contour, the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) contour, EHOMO, ELUMO and mulliken charge density. The inhibitor molecules analyzed were the compounds α-Terpinene, β-Charyophillene, α-Elemene and α-Humulene. Analysis of the reactivity of inhibitor molecules was carried out in the gas phase and with water as a solvent medium. Calculation of quantum chemical parameter values in the form of bandgap (∆E), electronegativity (χ), ionization potential (I), hardness (ɳ), softness (σ), electrophilicity (ω), nucleophilicity (ε), charge transfer (∆N), interaction energy (∆ѱ), back donation energy (∆Eb-d). Based on the parameter results obtained, the best compound with potential as a corrosion inhibitor is α-Terpinen. Data on bond energy, Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and entropy (ΔS), bond length and bond angle were used to determine the interaction of α-Terpinene with Fe. The interaction that occurs is a chemical interaction because the ΔG value obtained is small from -40 kJ/mol, namely -201.142 kJ/mol.